The appearance of pigmented skin is dependent on a number of factors including age, health, and individual genetic inheritance. Problems in skin pigmentation result from the faulty production and distribution of the biopolymer melanin. The influence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the amount of melanin produced is significant, and can result in marked irregularities in tonal evenness, coloration, and areas of concentrated pigment, such as melasma. The presence of excess melanin is termed hyperpigmentation; melanin underproduction is called hypopigmentation.

Pigmentation disorders can be cosmetic or disease-related, or can arise post-surgery. Treatment is an important step in restoring an individual’s confidence and self-identity.